气力输送系统凭借高效、密闭、占地小等优势，在工业物料输送中占据重要地位。然而，并非所有物料都适合采用这种输送方式，其对物料的物理特性、化学性质及状态有着明确要求，这些要求直接影响系统的运行效率、稳定性及安全性。

　　Pneumatic conveying systems play an important role in industrial material conveying due to their advantages of high efficiency, airtightness, and small footprint. However, not all materials are suitable for this conveying method, as it has clear requirements for the physical properties, chemical properties, and state of the materials, which directly affect the operational efficiency, stability, and safety of the system.

　　物料的粒度与粒径分布是首要考量因素。一般来说，气力输送系统更适合处理粒径在 0.1 微米至 50 毫米之间的物料。粒径过小（如小于 1 微米的超细粉体）容易因气流扰动形成团聚，导致管道堵塞，且可能穿透滤袋造成环境污染；粒径过大（如超过 50 毫米的块状物料）则需要更高的气流速度才能携带，不仅增加能耗，还会加剧管道磨损，缩短设备使用寿命。对于颗粒状物料，粒径分布应相对均匀，若粗细颗粒混杂比例过高，细颗粒可能填充粗颗粒间隙，降低物料流动性，影响输送效率。例如，粮食加工中输送的小麦、玉米，粒径多在 2-5 毫米，分布均匀，适合气力输送；而含有大量泥沙的矿石碎料，因粒径差异大，需先筛分处理后再输送。

　　The particle size and particle size distribution of the material are the primary considerations. Generally speaking, pneumatic conveying systems are more suitable for processing materials with particle sizes between 0.1 micrometers and 50 millimeters. Particle sizes that are too small (such as ultrafine powders smaller than 1 micron) are prone to agglomeration due to airflow disturbances, leading to pipeline blockages and potentially penetrating filter bags and causing environmental pollution; If the particle size is too large (such as block materials exceeding 50 millimeters), a higher airflow velocity is required to carry them, which not only increases energy consumption, but also exacerbates pipeline wear and shortens equipment service life. For granular materials, the particle size distribution should be relatively uniform. If the mixing ratio of coarse and fine particles is too high, fine particles may fill the gaps between coarse particles, reduce material fluidity, and affect conveying efficiency. For example, wheat and corn transported in grain processing have a particle size of 2-5 millimeters, evenly distributed, and suitable for pneumatic conveying; And the ore fragments containing a large amount of sediment need to be screened and processed before transportation due to the large difference in particle size.

　　物料的密度与堆积特性影响输送能耗与稳定性。通常，堆积密度在 0.2-2.0 吨 / 立方米的物料更适合气力输送。密度过小（如轻质泡沫颗粒）易被气流过度携带，导致分离困难；密度过大（如金属粉末）则需要更高的气流压力，能耗显著增加，且在输送过程中易因重力沉降造成管道堵塞。物料的堆积角（自然堆积时的倾斜角度）也需关注，堆积角小于 30° 的物料（如石英砂）流动性好，不易堵塞管道；堆积角大于 45° 的物料（如潮湿的煤粉）流动性差，易在管道弯头、阀门处滞留，需通过添加流化装置改善流动性。此外，物料的安息角需与输送速度匹配，安息角大的物料需要更高的气流速度才能保持悬浮状态。

　　The density and stacking characteristics of materials affect the energy consumption and stability of transportation. Generally, materials with a bulk density of 0.2-2.0 tons/cubic meter are more suitable for pneumatic conveying. If the density is too small (such as light foam particles), it is easy to be carried by the airflow, resulting in difficult separation; If the density is too high (such as metal powder), it requires higher airflow pressure, significantly increases energy consumption, and is prone to pipeline blockage due to gravity settling during transportation. The stacking angle of materials (the inclination angle during natural stacking) should also be taken into account. Materials with a stacking angle less than 30 ° (such as quartz sand) have good flowability and are less likely to block pipelines; Materials with a stacking angle greater than 45 ° (such as wet coal powder) have poor flowability and are prone to retention at pipeline bends and valves. It is necessary to improve flowability by adding fluidization devices. In addition, the resting angle of the material needs to match the conveying speed, and materials with a larger resting angle require higher airflow velocity to maintain a suspended state.

　　物料的湿度与粘性是影响输送顺畅性的关键。一般要求物料的含水率低于 10%，过高的湿度会使物料结块、粘连，附着在管道内壁和设备部件上，逐渐缩小管道截面，最终导致堵塞。例如，潮湿的粉煤灰若直接采用气力输送，会在管道内形成 “泥饼”，不仅阻碍物料流动，还会腐蚀管道。对于必须输送的湿料，需先进行干燥处理，或在系统中设置加热装置防止水分凝结。粘性物料（如树脂颗粒、麦芽糖粉）即使含水率较低，也可能因分子间作用力相互粘连，需在输送前添加抗粘剂，或选用内壁光滑的耐磨管道（如陶瓷内衬管道），减少物料附着。

　　The humidity and viscosity of materials are key factors affecting the smoothness of transportation. Generally, it is required that the moisture content of the material be below 10%. Excessive humidity can cause the material to clump and adhere to the inner wall of the pipeline and equipment components, gradually reducing the cross-section of the pipeline and ultimately leading to blockage. For example, if wet fly ash is directly transported by pneumatic conveying, it will form a "mud cake" inside the pipeline, which not only hinders the flow of materials but also corrodes the pipeline. For wet materials that must be transported, drying treatment should be carried out first, or heating devices should be installed in the system to prevent moisture condensation. Viscous materials (such as resin particles and maltose powder) may adhere to each other due to intermolecular forces even if their moisture content is low. It is necessary to add anti adhesive agents before transportation or use wear-resistant pipes with smooth inner walls (such as ceramic lined pipes) to reduce material adhesion.

　　物料的化学性质决定系统的材质选择与安全防护。易氧化的物料（如铁粉、铝粉）在输送过程中需控制氧气含量，可采用惰性气体（如氮气）作为输送介质，防止氧化燃烧；具有腐蚀性的物料（如酸碱盐粉体）需选用耐腐材质的管道与设备（如不锈钢、聚四氟乙烯材质），避免因物料与设备反应导致泄漏。易燃易爆物料（如煤粉、硫磺粉）对输送环境要求严格，系统需采用防爆电机、防静电管道，且输送速度需控制在安全范围内（通常低于 20 米 / 秒），防止物料与管道摩擦产生静电火花引发爆炸。此外，食品、医药行业输送的物料需符合卫生标准，系统材质需无毒、易清洁，避免物料污染，如输送面粉、药用辅料时，管道内壁需抛光处理，防止微生物滋生。

　　The chemical properties of materials determine the material selection and safety protection of the system. Materials that are prone to oxidation (such as iron powder and aluminum powder) need to control their oxygen content during transportation. Inert gases (such as nitrogen) can be used as the conveying medium to prevent oxidation and combustion; Corrosive materials (such as acid and alkali salt powders) should be used for pipelines and equipment made of corrosion-resistant materials (such as stainless steel and polytetrafluoroethylene) to avoid leakage caused by reactions between materials and equipment. Flammable and explosive materials (such as coal powder and sulfur powder) have strict requirements for the conveying environment. The system needs to use explosion-proof motors and anti-static pipelines, and the conveying speed needs to be controlled within a safe range (usually less than 20 meters per second) to prevent static sparks caused by friction between materials and pipelines from causing explosions. In addition, materials transported in the food and pharmaceutical industries must comply with hygiene standards, and the system materials must be non-toxic, easy to clean, and avoid material contamination. For example, when transporting flour and medicinal excipients, the inner walls of the pipelines need to be polished to prevent microbial growth.

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