气力输送系统的设计选型是一项综合性工程，需要统筹考虑物料特性、输送工艺要求、系统配置和经济性等多重因素。设计前建议掌握物料的基本属性，包括真实比重、堆积比重、粒径分布以及其他物理化学性质等。物料的属性决定了适合采用何种输送形态——例如，从钛白粉的特性就可以判断其适合于稀相输送，而不适合于密相输送。输送工艺要求包括水平长度、提升高度、弯头数量、设计输送量等。

The design and selection of pneumatic conveying systems is a comprehensive project that requires consideration of multiple factors such as material characteristics, conveying process requirements, system configuration, and economy. Before design, it is necessary to master the basic properties of materials, including true specific gravity, bulk specific gravity, particle size distribution, and other physical and chemical properties. The properties of the material determine which conveying form is suitable - for example, the characteristics of titanium dioxide can determine that it is suitable for dilute phase conveying and not suitable for dense phase conveying. The requirements for conveying technology include horizontal length, lifting height, number of bends, designed conveying capacity, etc.

在系统设计过程中，需要计算的关键参数主要包括生产率、混合比、风速、风量、管道直径、压力损失和风机效率等。生产率的计算和确定是设备设计和选型的主要依据之一。混合比（料气比）是指单位时间内输送物料质量与所需空气质量的比值，是决定系统能耗和输送效率的核心参数。风速的确定尤为关键——过快的速度不仅会浪费能源，还会加剧物料颗粒对管壁的冲击和碰撞，增加给料管、弯头等处的磨损，导致设备使用寿命缩短。管道直径的计算需要综合考虑所需风量和经济流速，通常不考虑泄漏系数。压力损失的计算则包括物料加速引起的压力损失、弯头及其他管道附件的压力损失等。将这些因素准确计算，气力输送的输送效率将会有很大的提高。

In the system design process, the key parameters that need to be calculated mainly include productivity, mixing ratio, wind speed, air volume, pipeline diameter, pressure loss, and fan efficiency. The calculation and determination of productivity is one of the main criteria for equipment design and selection. The mixing ratio (material to air ratio) refers to the ratio of the mass of transported materials to the required air mass per unit time, and is the core parameter that determines the energy consumption and transportation efficiency of the system. The determination of wind speed is particularly crucial - excessive speed not only wastes energy, but also exacerbates the impact and collision of material particles on the pipe wall, increases wear and tear on feeding pipes, bends, and other areas, leading to a shortened service life of the equipment. The calculation of pipeline diameter requires comprehensive consideration of the required air volume and economic flow rate, and usually does not take into account the leakage coefficient. The calculation of pressure loss includes pressure loss caused by material acceleration, pressure loss of elbows and other pipeline accessories, etc. By accurately calculating these factors, the conveying efficiency of pneumatic conveying will be greatly improved.

在工程应用中，管道弯头的设计和选型是保证系统长期稳定运行的关键环节。粉料在弯管中运动时，其压力损失和管壁磨损均较大，具有粘附性的细粉尘容易附着在弯管处，严重时会造成不能正常输送。工程实践中常采用耐磨弯头、加大弯头半径、设置补气装置等措施来减轻磨损。在火电厂输灰系统中，弯头磨损是常见的运行问题，有时运行1个月就可能出现磨漏点。针对这一问题，可采用优化弯头结构形式、选用耐磨材质、合理设置补气点等手段加以解决。随着计算流体力学与离散元耦合法（CFD-DEM）等数值模拟技术的应用，气力输送系统的设计正在从经验设计向准确化、仿真化方向迈进。

In engineering applications, the design and selection of pipeline elbows are key factors in ensuring the long-term stable operation of the system. When the powder moves in the bent pipe, its pressure loss and pipe wall wear are both significant. Fine dust with adhesive properties is prone to adhere to the bent pipe, and in severe cases, it can cause abnormal transportation. In engineering practice, measures such as wear-resistant elbows, increasing the radius of elbows, and installing air supply devices are often used to reduce wear and tear. In the ash conveying system of thermal power plants, elbow wear is a common operating problem, and sometimes leakage points may occur after one month of operation. To address this issue, measures such as optimizing the structure of the elbow, selecting wear-resistant materials, and reasonably setting up air supply points can be taken to solve it. With the application of numerical simulation techniques such as computational fluid dynamics and discrete element coupling method (CFD-DEM), the design of pneumatic conveying systems is moving from empirical design to precision and simulation.

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